Considering the global issue of vegetable wastes generation and its impact on the environment and resources, Hengyang Industry evaluated the conversion of four largely produced vegetable wastes (caulifower, cabbage, banana peels and corn cob residues) into biochar. Each waste was tested individually and as a combined blend to assess feedstock infuences on biochar properties. In addition, various pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 600 °C and two particle size fractions (less than 75 µm, 75–125 µm) were considered. Biochars were characterized for various properties that can infuence the biochars’ efectiveness as a soil amendment. It was found that pyrolysis temperature was the most dominant factor on biochar properties, but that individual feedstocks produced biochars with diferent characteristics. The biochars had characteristics that varied as follows: pH 7.2–11.6, ECE 0.15–1.00 mS cm−1, CEC 17–cmolc kg−1 and ζ-potential − 0.24 to − 43 mV. Based on optimal values of these parameters from the literature, caulifower and banana peels were determined to be the best feedstocks, though mixed vegetable waste also produced good characteristics. The optimum temperature for pyrolysis was around 400 °C, but difered slightly (300–500 °C) depending on the distinct feedstock. However, smaller particle size of biochar application was always optimal. Biochar yields were in the range of 20–30% at this temperature range, except for corn cobs which were higher.

Vegetable Waste Biochar Activation Production Line production Process:

General Ideas of Vegetable Waste to Biochar:

Thus, a set of objectives was defned to check the possibility of biochar production from common vegetable and consumer fruit wastes: raw banana peels, cabbage wastes and caulifower wastes. In addition to this, we also selected to investigate corncobs, since they are signifcantly diferent in composition and also can be commonly collected from plate waste. Conversion of these four vegetables wastes and their mixture to biochar under various temperatures was undertaken to understand how food waste composition and pyrolysis temperature infuence biochar properties. In addition, as feedstock particle size could infuence feedstock drying and pyrolysis, two particle sizes were also assessed.